Why the LSG Brisk Halo Spark Plug Gets More MPG Conventional Tip Spark Plugs (19th & 20th century technology) Most conventional spark plugs have just one bent wire ground electrode. Some fancier versions may have two, three, or even four per spark plug. However, regardless of the number of ground electrodes, there is just one ignition spark per impulse of the ignition system, and that ignition spark will always arc to the ground electrode providing the path of the least resistance (multiple electrodes must be absolutely perfect - near a millionth of an inch - for the ignition spark to simultaneously arc to each of the multiple electrodes). Yet, regardless of the number of ground electrodes, how much explosive energy develops in the combustion chamber is determined by: (1) how quick the air-fuel mixture is ignited and; (2) the speed that the explosive flame front (aka flame head, flame kernel) expands in the combustion chamber. The Halo Ring Tip Spark Plug (21st century technology) Halo ring tip spark plugs have a halo ring ground electrode located above the tip of the insulated hot electrode. Just as with a conventional spark plug, there is just one ignition spark per impulse of the ignition system. However, since the path of least resistance is between the tip of the insulated hot electrode and the halo ring ground electrode, multiple ignition sparks simultaneously arc around the entire 360° ring (because the entire ring is the path of least resistance), resulting in multiple simultaneous ignitions of the air-fuel mixture. In addition, the flame front of this much faster combustion of the air-fuel mixture explodes more quickly through the hole of the halo ring rather than being interfered with by going around a bent wire electrode - igniting the entire air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber 31.92% quicker than conventional spark plugs. Tests show that when the surface of the piston reaches top-dead-center (TDC) on the combustion stroke, the size of the flame front produced by a Halo ring tip spark plug is already six times the size of the flame front produced by conventional spark plugs. When the entire air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber ignites 31% quicker, the vehicle’s on-board computer, getting readings several hundred times a second from the knock/detonation and oxygen sensors, automatically advances the timing of the ignition spark from between 14-10 degrees before TDC to between 6-2 degrees before TDC. In other words, the vehicle’s on-board computer is merely maximizes the extra horsepower produced by this faster combustion process. Tests show that, for the same amount of gasoline, using Halo ring tip spark plugs result in more horsepower than conventional spark plugs. This boost in engine efficiency results in an average increase of 12% more mpg per vehicle while also averaging a 20% or better reduction in emission levels per engine. The correct heat range of the insulated hot electrode tip guarantees that this great increase in the efficiency of the combustion process so it is the spark plug of the 21st century, rendering all 100 year old technology conventional spark plugs obsolete.